Operating systems
55 free lessons across 2 courses in this category.
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Getting started
- Opening Command PromptWindows · Learn several safe ways to open Command Prompt in Windows 10 and 11, choose a starting folder, and understand administrator mode.
- Clearing the ScreenWindows · Use the CLS command to clear clutter from Command Prompt, understand what it changes, and learn when command history is still available.
- Getting Help for CommandsWindows · Discover CMD help with HELP and /?, read command syntax safely, and distinguish required values from optional command-line arguments.
- Reusing Previous CommandsWindows · Work faster in Windows CMD by recalling, editing, viewing, and saving command history while avoiding accidental command repetition.
- Opening a TerminalLinux · Open a terminal on Ubuntu or another Linux desktop and understand the shell prompt.
- Clearing the ScreenLinux · Clear terminal output without changing files, directories, or command history.
- Reading Manual PagesLinux · Use man pages to understand Linux commands, options, arguments, and examples.
- Reusing Command HistoryLinux · Recall, search, edit, and safely repeat commands from Bash history.
Files and folders
- Listing Files and FoldersWindows · Learn to use DIR in Windows CMD to list folders, filter names, show hidden items, sort output, and inspect files without changing them.
- Changing DirectoryWindows · Navigate drives and folders in Windows CMD with CD, absolute and relative paths, parent shortcuts, quotes, and safe path-checking habits.
- Creating a FolderWindows · Create one or more Windows folders with MD or MKDIR, handle spaces and nested paths, and verify results from Command Prompt.
- Creating a Text FileWindows · Create and append simple text files from Windows CMD using redirection, echo, copy con, and Notepad while avoiding accidental overwrites.
- Viewing File ContentsWindows · Read text files in Windows CMD with TYPE and MORE, combine several files, page long output, and recognize when a file is not plain text.
- Copying FilesWindows · Copy files safely in Windows CMD with COPY and XCOPY basics, use wildcards and quoted paths, and control overwrite prompts.
- Moving and Renaming FilesWindows · Move and rename Windows files and folders with MOVE and REN, understand destination paths, and prevent accidental replacements.
- Deleting Files and FoldersWindows · Delete test files and folders from Windows CMD with DEL and RMDIR, understand prompts, and avoid irreversible data loss.
- Folder TreesWindows · Visualize folder structures in Windows CMD with TREE, include filenames, choose plain characters, and save a directory map to a file.
- File AttributesWindows · Inspect and change Windows file attributes with ATTRIB, including read-only and hidden flags, while avoiding protected system files.
- Listing Files and FoldersLinux · Use ls to inspect directory contents, hidden files, permissions, and sizes.
- Changing DirectoryLinux · Navigate the Linux filesystem with cd, pwd, absolute paths, and relative paths.
- Creating a FolderLinux · Create one or more directories with mkdir, including nested directory trees.
- Creating a Text FileLinux · Create empty and text-filled files with touch, printf, and shell redirection.
- Copying FilesLinux · Copy files and directory trees with cp while controlling overwrites and metadata.
- Moving and Renaming FilesLinux · Use mv to rename files, relocate items, and avoid accidental replacement.
- Deleting Files and FoldersLinux · Remove files and directories with rm and rmdir while avoiding permanent data loss.
- Finding Files and DirectoriesLinux · Search directory trees by name, type, size, and modification time with find.
- Disk and Folder UsageLinux · Use df and du to understand free filesystem space and directory sizes.
- Symbolic and Hard LinksLinux · Understand and create Linux symbolic links and hard links with ln.
Search, pipes, and text
- Searching Inside FilesWindows · Search text files and command output in Windows CMD with FINDSTR, using literal text, regular expressions, line numbers, and recursion.
- Pipes and RedirectionWindows · Connect Windows CMD commands with pipes and redirect input, output, and errors safely to build useful text-processing workflows.
System and processes
- System InformationWindows · Use SYSTEMINFO and related read-only CMD commands to identify Windows version, hardware, memory, boot time, and installed update details.
- Listing and Ending ProcessesWindows · List running Windows processes with TASKLIST and carefully stop unresponsive apps with TASKKILL by image name or process ID.
- Environment VariablesWindows · Read and temporarily set Windows CMD environment variables, expand common paths, and understand local versus persistent settings.
- Finding Programs and Your User NameWindows · Use WHERE and WHOAMI in Windows CMD to locate executable files, inspect PATH resolution, and identify the current account and groups.
Networking
- Network SettingsWindows · Inspect Windows network adapters, IP addresses, gateways, and DNS configuration with IPCONFIG while protecting sensitive network details.
- Testing Network ConnectivityWindows · Test basic network reachability and latency from Windows CMD with PING, choose a packet count, and interpret timeouts responsibly.
- Tracing Routes and DNS LookupsWindows · Diagnose Windows network paths and name resolution with TRACERT and NSLOOKUP, interpret hops, DNS answers, and expected timeouts.
- Inspecting Network ConnectionsWindows · Use NETSTAT in Windows CMD to view active connections, listening ports, addresses, and process IDs without disrupting network activity.
Automation
- Basic Batch ScriptsWindows · Build a safe Windows batch file with variables, arguments, conditions, loops, comments, error checks, and predictable working paths.
- Backing Up Folders with RobocopyWindows · Create reliable Windows folder backups with ROBOCOPY, preview changes, understand copy and retry options, logs, and dangerous mirror behavior.
Viewing and searching
- Viewing File ContentsLinux · Read short and long text files with cat, less, head, and tail.
- Searching with grepLinux · Search text, command output, and directory trees for matching lines with grep.
- Pipes and RedirectionLinux · Connect commands and control standard input, output, and errors with shell operators.
- Editing Files with nanoLinux · Create and edit text files in the beginner-friendly Nano terminal editor.
Users, permissions, and processes
- PermissionsLinux · Read Linux permission bits and use chmod and chown appropriately.
- sudo and Your UserLinux · Identify your Linux account and run individual administrative commands safely with sudo.
- Listing and Stopping ProcessesLinux · Inspect running programs and stop them gracefully with ps, top, kill, and pkill.
Packages, archives, and network
- Installing Software with aptLinux · Update, search, install, upgrade, and remove packages on Ubuntu and Debian with apt.
- Downloading Files with wget or curlLinux · Download web resources and inspect HTTP responses with wget and curl.
- Creating and Extracting ArchivesLinux · Bundle, compress, list, and safely extract tar archives.
- Testing Network ConnectivityLinux · Use ping to test reachability, name resolution, latency, and packet loss.
- Connecting with SSHLinux · Connect securely to a remote Linux machine and verify its host identity.
Scripting and automation
- Shell VariablesLinux · Store values in Bash variables, quote expansions, and export environment variables.
- Basic Bash ScriptsLinux · Create, run, and debug a small Bash script with variables and arguments.
- Scheduling Tasks with cronLinux · Schedule recurring commands with a user crontab and troubleshoot their environment.